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Sam: Comparison of Forest Comparison Schemes As of Novemebr 1999 the International Org for standardization complies with Eight of the Forest comparison schemes

MARLI: Dutch Elm’s Disease · Fungus native to Asia · Entered the United States in 1920s · Infects American, red or slippery, rock and cedar elm · Results in the blockage of water-conducting tissue within the tree – discoloration & wilting of leaves/foliage, & brown streaks in infected wood · Disease spread by insect vectors e.g. European Elm Bark Beetle or by root grafts · Infected elm wood should be buried, burned or chipped immediately – not put in firewood piles · Trees can be saved by eradicant pruning if the disease is detected early enough · Siberian and chinese elm are resistant to Dutch elms disease Forest Tent Caterpillar · These insects like broad-leaved trees including: sugar maple, aspen, oak, water tupelo, sweetgum, swamp blackgum, cottonwood, elm, willow, birch, cherry, basswood, ash · Defoliation by them rarely kills trees · Caterpillars don’t spin tent; they form silken mat on trunk or branch

Gypsy Moth · Invasive – introduced in the United States in 1869 by French scientist in Massachusetts · Only larvae do damage · Hardwood such as: oak, apple, sweetgum, speckled alder, basswood, gray and white birch, poplar, willow, and hawthorn · They avoid: yellow poplar, sycamore, butternut, black walnut, catalpa, flowering dogwood, balsam fir, red cedar, American holly, mountain laurel, rhododendron, arborvitae · Enemies: wasps, flies, ground beetles, ants, spiders, chickadees, blue jays, nuthatches, towhees, robins, white-footed, mouse, shrews, squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks

Sudden Oak Death · Caused by a newly identified fungus: Phylophthora ramorum Causes bleeding canker on stem of host · In US only found so far on the west coast · Oak disorders in Eastern US that resemble Sudden Oak Death are: oak wilt, oak decline, and red oak borer

Spruce Beetle · Outbreaks cause extensive tree mortality killing up to 30 million trees at the peak of the outbreak · Infest any species of spruce in their geographical range · Life cycle 1-3 years depending on climate · Beetles can be eliminated by trap trees, solar heat, insecticide, fire, pheromones

Beech Bark Disease · Results when the bark, which has been attacked and altered by the beech scale insect, is invaded and killed by fungi · The disease was accidentally brought to Nova Scotia around 1890 and has spread throughout north eastern US and parts of Canada · In north America there are two major types of fungus that are associated with beech bark disease which both produce several types of spores · Symptoms: the white wax produced by the beech scale; a red-brown exudates called a slime flux that oozes from a dead spot on some trees; roughened bark; and thinner leaves on the crowns of dying trees that become yellowed and stay on the tree through the summer.

Scleroderris Canker of Northern Conifers · Caused by Gremmeniella abietina-Scleroderris lagerbergii (Lagerb.) Morelet fungus o There are two strains of this fungus: the Lake States strain and the European strain o The European strain is found in New York and Vermont o The lake states strain is found throughout northeastern North America · Doesn’t cause much harm to trees over 6 feet tall, only kills the lower branches but doesn’t enter the trunk (Lake States strain) · Scleroderris canker has been found on Scots, red, pitch, white, ponderosa, Austrian, lodgepole, and jack pines, and on white, black, and Norway spruce in North America · The fungus is carried long distances by out planting infected nursery stock and by infected pine Christmas trees Symptoms: dieback of buds, discoloration on growth from previous season which becomes brown and may drop off by summer, cankers are frequently formed by stem ﻿ infection (more frequently on victims of the European strain than of the Lake States strain)

Here are the soil resources. Please put your name next to the resources that you know:

**   Forest Resources:    ** http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Aisian_Long_Horned_Beetle.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Certification_matrix_1_.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Comparison_of_Forest_Certification_Schemes.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Understanding_Forest_Certification.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Know_Your_Trees.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/What_Tree_Is_It.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Aisian_Long_Horned_Beetle.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Armillaria.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Asian_Longhorned_Beetle.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/AWanted_-_Asian_Longhorned_Beetle.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Dutch_Elm_Disease.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Beech_Bark_Disease.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Emerald_Ash_Borer.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Forest_Tent_Caterpillar.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Identify_and_Manage_Dutch_Elm_Disease.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Spruce_Beetle.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Sudden_Oak_Death.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Scleroderris_Canker_of_northern_Conifers.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Migrating_Boreal_Forest.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Forest_Management_Planning.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/ForestRegeneration_1_.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Harvesting_and_Forest_Management.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Management_plan_first_step_in_forest.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/MEASURING_THE_VOLUME_OF_STANDING_TREES_WITH_A_SCALE_STICK.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Ohio_State_University_Fact_Sheet.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Selective_Cuttling.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Silvics.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Silvicultural_Systems.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Planting___Site_Management.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Planting_in_Michigan.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_1.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_2.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_3.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_4.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_5.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Using_a_Biltmore_Stick_6.JPG http://www.nysenvirothon.net/How_Much_Lumber_in_That_Tree.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/How_Much_Lumber_in_That_Tree.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/MEASURING_THE_VOLUME_OF_STANDING_TREES_WITH_A_SCALE_STIC1.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Scale_Stick.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/When_A_Ruler_Teacher_1_.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/forestry/ForestryReferences.html http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Arbor_day_tree_anatomy.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Arbor_Day_Tree_Rings.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Ring_Dating.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Stem___Root_Anatomy.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/MorphologyDiagram_1_.jpg http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Care_Information-_Benefits.pdf http://www.nysenvirothon.net/Tree_Care_Information-_selection.pdf